Literature Review About Meter Reading Techniques Computer Science Essay

Literature Review About Meter Reading Techniques Computer Science Essay In this chapter we will explore more about how meter reading is done, the different type of techniques that exist to read meters, and automatic meter reading; specially the use of Bluetooth technology for automatic meter reading. A world wide view will be explored before we look to the context of Mauritius. Meters A meter is a device that can detects and displays the exact quantity of an element, substance or any quantifiable matter, may it be electrons, water, gas, glucose and many others. There are many uses of meters and in many different sectors of our world. For example, in health sector; meters are used to measure the level of glucose in the blood, to measure pulse rate, and many others. The utility sector, like gas, water or electricity companies, uses a very large numbers of meters. These companies have to monitor the usage of the resources used by their customers so that they can be charged for the amount they have used. There are also other meters like: gauss meters, geomagnetic meters, microwave meters, and many more. As we have seen, there are many sectors in which meters are being used; we cannot focus our attention in all of them. So, we will concentrate our effort in the utility sector, more specifically the one for electricity companies. Why this choice? Because Energy sector is a driving force in our world and that many developments and advances are thanks to electricity. So from here on we will focus our attention on that specific domain. Types of meters There are many types of meters depending on the area of use. The main types of electric meters are: Electromechanical Induction Meter (Standard Meter): It is a meter which counts the number of turns an aluminium disc does. The amount of electricity used is directly proportional to the number of revolutions of the aluminium disc. The electricity is measured in kilowatt-hours and the rate of charge remains constant all over the day. These types of meters are commonly used on single phase alternating current supply. Electronic Meters: These meters have an electronic display and make use of wireless technologies like Bluetooth, GSM and GPRS to transfer information about electrical consumption. They have inbuilt automatic sensors which helps to detect electrical energy theft or meter tampering. Prepaid meters: are like the standard meters; the only difference is that, instead getting a bill at the end of the month, it is a pay as you use service. I.e. the consumer pays in advance for the electricity consumption. Smart meter: These meters record the amount of electricity consumption for a certain period of time. The recorded data is then sent to the utility company for monitoring and billing purposes. Smart meters can transfer data from and to the meter, i.e. it is a two way communication. Meter reading Electric meters measure electricity mostly in kilowatt hour (kWh). One kilowatt hour is equal to the amount of energy used by a load of one kilowatt over a period of one hour, or 3,600,000 joules. The meter reading process is done periodically, so that consumers can be billed for that period of time. There are different methods used by different companies for metering. There are two ways that can be identified. Namely: the traditional way and new techniques. The traditional way, which uses the standard meter, can be described as: The meter reader goes to the consumers place. There, the meter reader reads the current value on the meter and note it down on the bill for the previous electricity consumption period. The bill is then given to the consumer. The meter reader will then enter the current value in the companys system, so that the consumer can be billed for that current period. The new techniques, which uses, electronic and smart meter are as follows: The meter reader makes use of new technologies to read the meter value, and meters have an electronic display. There are many different new techniques used for meter reading, and they will be further elaborated below. Automatic meter reading (AMR) Automatic meter reading (AMR), is the technology where data about consumption and the status of the meter device is collected automatically. The data is sent to a central database for it to be analysed and billing purpose. Meters for water, gas, and electricity can use the AMR technique. With the uses of AMR, there can be one way or two-way communication. In the one way communication, query is done only to know the reading value from the meter. Whereas in the two way communication; functions can also be implemented to the meter. Techniques for automatic meter reading There are several techniques for automatic meter reading; some of them are listed below. Touch Technology In the touch technology, a meter reader have a device, it may be a handheld computer or specialised data collection device. When the meter reader in close range to the meter; the latter press a button. A signal is sent firm the device to the meter and the reading of the meter is saved on the device. That saved data is downloaded to a data collection computer for billing purpose. This technique is also referred as on-site AMR, as the meter reader needs to go on site to read the meter reading. Radio Frequency Network As its name suggest, the network uses radio wave to communicate with the meters. There are automatic reading systems which uses the radio based technology such Wi-Fi, ZigBee, Bluetooth and many others. Some of them are listed below. Handheld: a meter reader collects meter reading from meters which support AMR system. The meter reader carries a portable computer with a radio frequency receiver and transceiver which reads the meter readings value. [2] Mobile: it is also referred to as drive-by is a technique where the meter reading device is installed in a vehicle. The meter reader needs only to drive the vehicle along the path where the meters are found and the meter reading value is read automatically by the device installed in the vehicle. [2] Fixed network: it is a method where there is a network which is installed permanently to read meter reading. The network consists of many repeaters, collectors and a lot of other equipments so that values read are transferred to a central database. This method does not need the intervention of any human to read the metering value. Some time a hybrid AMR system is implemented so that when the fixed network goes down, the mobile system come into action. [2] Assessing the traditional meter reading and AMR The advantage and disadvantage of both traditional meter reading and AMR techniques are listed in the table below. Traditional Meter Reading Advantage Disadvantage Creation of job, as more people are needed to perform meter reading Social contact with consumers There can be error when reading the value. Difficult to detect fraud on meters. Some people consider the meter reader as an intruder in their privacy. Security of the person performing the reading the person may be attacked by dogs Table 2à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ1: Traditional Meter Reading Automatic meter reading Advantage Disadvantage Enable theft detection. More accurate meter reading. Reduce operating cost. There is no need to enter consumers property (except for exceptional cases). If the system is down, billing will be affected. The use of radio waves can be a source of concern to a minority of people Table 2à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ2: AMR Existing system using Automatic Meter reading There are many AMR systems implemented in many in different countries and using many of the different techniques listed above. Some of the existing AMR systems are listed: New Mexico Gas Company is using the AMR service. This has greatly helped to improve the working of the company. [4] The Ontario government introduced legislation on Nov. 3, 2005 to start the process of getting smart meters into every home and small business in the province by 2010. [5] Meridian Energy has started replacing traditional electricity meters with new smart electricity meters which will set a new benchmark for electricity retailing in New Zealand [6] Existing system of Bluetooth enable meter reading There are some companies which are using Bluetooth enabled meter for the reading of their meters, and there are some supplies of Bluetooth enabled meters. The topic is further developed below. Existing system Cambridge Consultants has delivered a prototype design of a Bluetooth-based radio module to the leading utility metering company, Actaris. Based on a single-chip Bluetooth device, the module provides new opportunities to drive down the cost of remote metering, allowing meters to be wireless-enabled at very low cost and opening the door to high-integrity consumer-activated schemes. Consumers with Bluetooth mobile phones, laptops or PDAs would have the option of taking meter readings themselves and communicating them to the utility company over the internet or GSM. [7] Bluetooth enabled meters suppliers There are many suppliers of Bluetooth enabled meters. Some of the suppliers are listed below. Landis+Gyr, is a company which design and manufactures electricity meters. This company have also design a Bluetooth reading system where they can read meters using Bluetooth. [8] Figure 2à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ1: Bluetooth reader [8] Metex Corporation limited is a company which is manufacture meter readers, and the company has meters with Bluetooth technology. These meters can be used in an AMR system. [9] Current situation in Mauritius In Mauritius, we have the Central Electricity Board (CEB), Central Water Authority (CWA) and Waste Water Authority (WMA) as the main utilities companies. All these utilities companies are using the traditional way for their billing purposes. .I.e. a meter reader will go home by home and read their respective standard meter. The CEB is doing research on how to implement automatic meter reading and they have some electronic meters for testing purposes. CEB has also intention to implement prepaid meters. The AMR system on which CEB is experimenting consist of meter which has a modem. Then a communication is set with the modem and concerned data is read. That data is used for the billing purpose. As mentioned, the system is still at a testing phase, so a lot are still need to be done. To be able to implement AMR system all standard meters need to be changed to AMR supported meters, and meter readers need to be trained to be able to use the new system. Bluetooth Technology What is  Bluetooth? Bluetooth  is a wireless technology for short range communications which was developed to replace the cables connecting devices, may it be fixed or portable ones. Such devices are; mobile phones, printers, cameras, desktop computer, and many others. The Bluetooth  technology is a low power, low cost and maintains high levels of security. Bluetooth technology operates in the unlicensed industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) band at 2.4 to 2.485 GHz, using a spread spectrum, frequency hopping, full-duplex signal at a nominal rate of 1600 hops/sec. [10] The Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG), an organization of several companies work together to maintain and develop the Bluetooth technology. [10] The name Bluetooth comes from Danish King Harold Bluetooth. He was influential in uniting warring factions in parts of what is now Norway, Sweden and Denmark. [11] Bluetooth technology can withstand interference from wireless technologies which uses the 2.4 GHz spectrum. Adaptive frequency hopping (AFH) of Bluetooth technology detects other devices in the spectrum and avoid the frequency they are using. [11] According to Martin Reynolds, an analyst with Gartner Groups Dataquest, The thing about Bluetooth is that it really will ship in the billions of units once it gains momentum. Its really a multibillion-dollar market. [12] Bluetooth Logo Figure 2à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ2: Bluetooth logo [13] Bluetooth range Bluetooth radio waves use certain amount of energy and can goes up to a maximum of certain diameter. The table below show Bluetooth class and its limit up to where it can go. Class Power use (mW) Range (approximate) in meters 1 100 100 2 2.5 10 3 1 1 Table 2à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ3: Bluetooth class range BLUETOOTH Network There are two type of network: Piconet: is made up of one master and one or more slaves but only up to a maximum of seven active slaves at a time. The device initiating the connection automatically becomes the master and is the master of the piconet. Slaves may not communicate directly with each other; they can only communicate with the master and transfer data when they are granted transmission time by the latter. Slaves synchronize their frequency hopping with the master using the masters clock and Bluetooth address. Figure 2à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ3: Typical piconet [14] Scatternet: Multiple piconets with overlapping coverage areas form a scatternet. Each piconet may have only one master, but slaves may participate in different piconets on a time-division multiplex basis. A device may be a master in one piconet and a slave in another or a slave in more than one piconet. Figure 2à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ4: Typical scatternet [15] Bluetooth protocol stacks The Bluetooth protocol stack allows Bluetooth devices from different manufactures to work with one another. Some of Bluetooth protocol stacks   LMP (Link Management Protocol); configure and control links to other devices.   L2CAP (Logical Link Control Adaptation Protocol); links upper layer protocols over the Baseband and the passing on of quality of service information. RFCOMM (Cable replacement protocol): protocol provides emulation of serial ports over the L2CAP protocol.   Service Discovery Protocol; provide a way for discovering services provided by or available through a Bluetooth device. It also allows applications to know about the characteristics of the services which are available.   HCI (Host/Controller Interface); access the hardware status and control register. It also provides a command interface to the Link Manager and Baseband Link Controller. Bluetooth radio is a transceiver which transmits and receives modulated Bluetooth radio waves for the devices. Figure 2à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ5: Bluetooth protocol stacks [15] Bluetooth profiles Bluetooth profiles help two devices which have the same profile to communicate with each other. Each Bluetooth device must support at least one profile. There are a wide range of Bluetooth profiles that explain many different types of applications. Generic Access Profile (GAP): Provides the basis Bluetooth functionality for all profiles. Some of the functionalities are like setting up L2CAP links, handling security modes and discoverable modes. Serial Port Profile (SPP): Provides serial port (RS-232) emulation based on the RFCOMM part of the Bluetooth stack. Dial Up Networking Profile (DUNP): Defines how to a Bluetooth device can be used as a Dial Up Networking gateway FAX Profile: Defines how a Bluetooth device can be used as a FAX gateway Headset Profile: Defines what is required to transfer audio e.g. a wireless Bluetooth headset LAN Access Point Profile: Defines how a Bluetooth device can be used as a LAN access point Generic Object Exchange Profile (GOEP): Provides support for the OBjext EXchange (OBEX) protocol over Bluetooth links Object Push Profile: Defines how to exchange vCard and vCalendar objects, based on the GOEP File Transfer Profile: Defines functionality of how to navigate through folders and copying, deleting or creating a file or folder on a Bluetooth device, based on the GOEP. Figure 2à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ6 : Bluetooth Profiles [16] THE ADVANTAGES OF BLUETOOTH Short transmission range up to a maximum of 100 meters with class 1. Low Power: Bluetooth takes relatively low power, thus it is suitable for devices with restricted battery capacity. Interoperability: as it have standardised protocols. Robustness: capable of operating in an environment strongly where there are many other radio waves Technologies for developing the system There are many phase for the development of a system and there are many tools available for their development. Two categories can be identified for a system; hardware and software. The hardware part is the part that can be hold by hands and move if it is portable. The software part can be seen as the one who make the hardware works correctly. Without the software, the hardware cannot be used fully. Programming language There are a series of programming languages that are available to programmers to code systems. Each programming language has an area of application where it is better. Some of the programming languages are listed below. Java Java is cross platform and GNU General Public License  programming language. Java is an object-oriented, class-based, general-purpose, and concurrent language. It is intended to let application developers write once, run anywhere. Java programming languages is used in many systems ranging from applications software to web applications. Java can be use for Bluetooth programming. Java Communication Process (JCP) developed JSR 82, Java API for Bluetooth, so that Bluetooth enabled devices can be code easily using J2ME. Integrated development environment (IDE) help to code with java, some examples are: NetBeans The NetBeans IDE is written in Java and needs JVM run. It can run on different operating system like Windows, Mac OS, Linux, and Solaris. A JDK is required for the functionality of Java development. Netbeans also has a GUI design tool that help developers to design GUIs. Eclipse Eclipse was mostly written in java and can be used to develop java application. There are a lot of plug-in which helps to for development. J2ME J2ME is Java platform used to code embedded devices, like mobile phones. Java ME source code is licensed under the GNU General Public License. J2ME can be use to code systems with wireless connection. C programming language C is a general-purpose computer programming language that can run on many platforms. C can be use for developing portable application software. Python Python is a multi-paradigm programming language and it is cross platform, i.e. it can work on different operation systems. Python can be use for Bluetooth programming. Visual Basic.Net (VB.Net) Visual basic is implemented on .Net framework. VB.Net was designed by Microsoft and it is an object oriented language. Relational Database Management System (RDMS) Some of RDMS are listed below: MySQL MySQL is a relational database management system which is released under the GNU General Public License. It offers multi-user access to databases and it is cross platform software. PostgreSQL PostgreSQL is an object-relational database management system (ORDBMS) and it is released under PostgreSQL License. Thus it can be modified and distributed in any form desired. Web Server A Web server is responsible to process users request and reply back. The replies are mainly HyperText Markup Language (HTML) documents. Web servers are mainly used t host Web sites. Apache HTTP Server Apache HTTP Server is a Web server which is licensed under Apache License 2.0, which means that it is an open source HTTP server. It is platform independent, highly secure and efficient. Internet Information Server (IIS) IIS was created and is owned by Microsoft. There is need to buy it license to use it. Web Development Tools There are many server side scripting languages that are used. Some of them are listed below: PHP PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor) is a general-purpose scripting language that was designed for web development so as to have dynamic web pages. PHP can work on most servers and operating system. ASP.NET ASP.NET allows programmers to build dynamic web pages, web services and web application. It is a web application framework developed and marketed by Microsoft. Hardware Some of the hardware that can be used is listed below. Mobile phone Mobiles phones have become a common electronic device. It offers many options than just make call and send messages. Nowadays we can access the Internet via mobile phones, and there are many applications that where developed on mobile phone. New generation mobile phones are equipped with camera and Bluetooth. Laptop/ Computers Computer is like the tool that enables programmers to work. All most all programming languages, not to say all, can work on computers. They are also equipped with many wireless devices like Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. Embedded devices There are embedded devices that are designed specifically to do certain things. Some examples are: MP3 player, washing machines, Bluetooth meter reader, and many others. Evaluation of Tools Programming language The programming language is what will help to make the software. Each programming language has positive and negative points depending on the type of software that need to be developed. The pros and cons of certain programming languages are listed below. J2ME Pros Cons Offer better networking capability Available on various platforms J2ME applications are portable Rich user interface Robust security features. There is a wide range of mobiles which support Java, thus having wide range of mobile phone that can be used. Midlet cannot access all native resources without authorization. Application need to adapt for phones which have different CLDC, MIDP, JSR and Bluetooth. Table 3à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ4: J2ME Java Pros Cons Java code can work on many different platforms. Java is secure, robust and reliable. Java provides use of multithreading. Java is object oriented and allows creation of modular programs and reusable code. Java have an API for Bluetooth programming Java is slower and consumes more memory when compared to languages such as C or C++. Table 3à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ5: Java Web Servers Web servers are what will enable the data to be access over a network in a convenient way. There are a lot of web servers, some of them are described below. Apache Pros Cons Apache is open and thus can be customised easily according to requirements Multi-platform. It runs on a wide variety of operating systems, including all variants of UNIX, Windows 9x/NT, and Mac OS Apache is not regularly updated Requires more technical knowledge to install and configure Table 3à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ6: Apache IIS Pros Cons GUI mode installation. Works with a wide range of operating systems and browsers. Source code is proprietary. Can only work within Windows environment. Table 3à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ7: IIS Web Development Languages Web development language will be used to code for application at server side. There is a wide pool of language that is available. Some of them are listed below with their some of their pros and cons. PHP Pros Cons PHP is free and easy to use. PHP help to interact with database easily. Can support many operating systems, like Windows, Linux and Mac OS. PHP engine need to be installed on server to use PHP. Debugging can be lengthy for complex program. Table 3à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ8: PHP ASP.NET Pros Cons ASP.NET code is compiled at server before being sent to the browser; thus faster. ASP.NET pages are simple to write and can cope with heavy traffic without affecting performance adversely ASP.NET runs on only windows platform. ActiveX objects are platform specific, thus it will not work easily on many Web servers. Table 3à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ9: ASP.Net RDBMS Relational Database Management System (RDMS) will be used to store all data. It is very important as all sensitive data will be there and data will be used to do billing purpose. MySQL Pros Cons Easy to use. Free and Open source system. Runs on a range of different platforms. Can handle large sets of data. It is secure. Passwords are encrypted Recovery of database is not guaranteed in case of a power cut. Operates over known IP ports which facilitate the task of intruders Table 3à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ10: MySQL PostgreSQL Pros Cons It is a free and Open source software PostgreSQL can work on different platform PostgreSQL is very scalable and extensible It is slow compared to MySQL Lacks binary distribution for all the supported platforms. Table 3à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ11: PostgresSQL Choice of Final Tools Java is appropriate for the desktop application as it can work on many different platforms and have an API for Bluetooth. J2ME is used for the mobile application development as many mobile phones can support java and have an API for Bluetooth. Bluecove API for Bluetooth programming as it is open source and support java. PHP will be used for the web application as it is free and easy to interact with database. MySQL is more suitable for database system as it is free and work well with Web servers. Design The design section gives an overview of the structure of the software and architecture of the system. It also includes the data involved, the interfaces between system components, algorithm and protocol to be used for the system implementation. System Design Issues Several system design issues like performance, quality of service, fault tolerance, and security, which are important in the design of a system, are discussed below. Performance Issues The performance issues are concerned with the limitation of computers in term of processing power and communication capacities. These issues can be described in the followings ways: Responsiveness: It is how fast the system processes given input to give an output. The use of threading allows multiple tasks to process simultaneously. Threads can be used for processor intensive process. Threads can be implemented in Java Environment. Applications running on networks depend greatly on the load and performance of servers and also the network load itself. Server and network load balancing can be used to prevent them from being overloaded. Such technique is beyond the scope of this project. When using the Internet, there is a probability of communication delays and data being corrupted, this beyond of ones control. Throughput: It is of the system corresponds to the amount of data transmitted between the client and server in a given time interval. On a wireless network is takes a long time to establish connection between the server and the client and the latency time of HTTP is significantly high. So, the number of HTTP round trips in the application must be kept to the strict minimum. Robustness Robustness is the ability of the system to operate in the presence of incorrect input or cope with errors when the system is running. Validations check like length check and data type check can be used to prevent wrong input and catch errors where shared resources are being accessed. Interactivity Interaction with the system can be in many different ways. Data or command input to the system will make it produce certain result. Some of the ways that can interact with the system are listed below. The use of graphical user interface (GUI) to facilitate user to communicate with the system. Providing options and menus where possible instead of typing data. Users using the mobile application need to enter data via phone keypad. Use of meaningful icons, so that user can interact quickly with the system. Flexibility The web application can support multiple users at a time and can receive and process multiple requests a time. The system must be able to cope if there is significant increase in the number of users and additional resources can be added if needed to. Portability The mobile application can be run on Java enabled mobiles phones which support MIDP 2.0. The web application can run on multiples types of servers. Limit size of JAR file The mobile application has limited resources to use. So the application is obfuscated to reduce its size. The obfuscation process helps to remove unused classes and libraries. Error, Exception Handling and Fault Tolerance The application should continue to work correctly in presence of software, hardware and network faults. Errors will be caught in try-catch blocks to alert user of the error. Security Security is one of the focal point of a system. There is no system on earth which can be tagged as impenetrable. What can be done is, to make the system less vulnerable to attacks. The system needs to protect data from unauthorized users. The ways to protect the system is listed below. Users need a username and password to be able to access the system. User will be identified and authenticated before they can use the system. The database will be protected with password. Architectural Design In this section, the different components of the system are illustrated and how they interact between them. Overall Architecture The system is made up of three main components: the meter, the mobile application and the server application. The mobile application will be used to read a value via Bluetooth from the meter and will send that value via mobile network operator to the server. The connection between the mobile and the server is done via wireless connection such as GPRS, WAP, EDGE or Wi-Fi. The meter will be a simulated meter on a laptop that will be accessed via Bluetooth by a mobile application. The server will be used to host the web site and connect to the database. That database will be used to store all information needed. The figure below shows the overall architecture. Figure 4à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ7: Overall architecture Detailed architecture Figure 4à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ8: Component diagram <

Sexual Empowerment of Women in Behns The Willing Mistress and The Disa

Sexual Empowerment of Women in Behn's The Willing Mistress and The Disappointment     Ã‚   "All women together ought to let flowers fall upon the tomb of Aphra Behn, . . . for it was she who earned them the right to speak their minds." (Woolf 91) Born in 1640, Aphra Behn broke gender stereotypes when she undertook a thrilling (if unrewarded) life as a spy for the Crown, but it was her scandalous career as an author which truly achieved many firsts for women. She was the first woman to support hereself financially by solely relying on the profession of writing, and many readers argue that Oroonoko--her passionate tale about the institution of slavery--was the first English novel. She was certainly one of the first female authors to write candidly about sexuality: in fact, she both broke new ground and challenged conceptions of patriarchal power when she wrote about women's empowerment through sexuality. In her poems "The Willing Mistress" (from her play The Dutch Lover, 1673) and "The Disappointment" (1680), Behn creates situations of bold sexual mischief in which female characters are aware of, comfortable with, and even thrive off their sexuality. Not only was it virtually unheard of for a woman of Behn's time to express herself openly as a sexual being, but it was also explicitly forbidden by cultural precepts for a woman to so aggressively take charge of her own physical desires and satisfaction, as Behn's characters do. Previously, men were in control of most sexual situations--both in real life and in literature. Behn, however, creates a playing field where the traditional roles not only do not apply but are subverted. Urged to seize the day, Behn's willing mistress does so, following her lover into the bushes and co... ...dent women created from Behn's mind refute her era's consensus that ... Behn conveys that women can control their own destiny; they can hold the power. Although these sentiments were certainly ahead of their time, they did help pave the way for future generations of women to express themselves honestly, sexually or otherwise. For that, all women are indeed eternally indebted to Aphra Behn. Works Cited Behn, Aphra. "The Disappointment." The Norton Anthology of Literature by Women. 2nd ed. Eds. Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar. New York: Norton, 1996. 112-115. ---. "The Willing Mistress." Norton. 111. Bradstreet, Anne. "A Letter to Her Husband, Absent Upon Public Employment." Norton. 89. Woolf, Virginia. "Aphra Behn." Excerpted from A Room of One's Own. Reprinted in Virginia Woolf: Women and Writing. Ed. Michele Barrett. New York: Harvest, 1979. 89-91.

History of graphic design Essay

To understand the nature and characteristics of visual communication, first it is important to define visual communication. Well, as the name suggests, it is communication of ideas and information through visual representation and display. Basically, it involves photography, signs, art and typography. However, recent studies and research on the subject have revealed that now visual communication is a more focused term, involving mainly web and graphic designs used for advertising. Earlier, visual communication was not a commercialised phenomenon. The first time an outdoor public space was rented for advertising purpose was in USA in the late 1860’s. However, until the early 20th century, advertising was unregulated in the United States. Ranging from products such as drugs, oils and ointments, any thing could be sold without proper verification. For instance, the advertisement of the of Merchant’s Gargling Oil, 1894, shows the oil to be ‘A Liniment for Man and Beast’ and below it is inscribed that yellow wrapper was for animal and white for beast. Companies selling such products could easily deceive people by selling of a same potion, wrapped differently. The rise of graphic designing and advertising, as complimentary to each other, was seen in the late 19th century as business directories started using different type sizes for the names of various companies, so as to identify each company and the products that it sold. Then advertisements promising job opportunities and a high standard of living and attracting people to come and settle in particular states, became popular. Here again, a very good example is the sunset magazine cover, published din 1904. The cover image displayed California, the ‘Golden State’ as a paradise with fruit orchards and 2 History of graphic design 3 pleasure for the youth. to change its image. The 19th century was however, characteristic of a stale and stagnant designing strategy. But, in the early 20th century, the graphic designers started to use the sans-serif font. Although the change was not significant, it was a slow evolution of graphic designing. They did not have the advantage of computer use and software products like Adobe InDesign, Adobe Photoshop, QuarkXPress and Corel Graphics Suite, just to name a few. Creating designs with the use of technology was a very challenging and arduous task. However, in 1890s, Frederic Goudy’s ‘The Inland Press, 1898, and Printer’s Ink, were among the first publications designed to serve the graphic designing world with technical knowledge. There are great names that had emerged and gained popularity in the early 20th century itself. One such designer was Eric Gill, a well known British typographer, sculptor and engraver. His first successful work was ‘Mother and Child’ created in 1912. Gill invented the Perpetua typescript on the foundation of Classical Roman letters for Morison in 1925. Herbert Bayer born in 1900 was another famous designer of this period. He invented a vivid visual style of designing and believed in clear simplification. Herbert Bayer became the art director of the Berlin affiliate of Vogue magazine in 1928. With graphics designing gaining ground as a coveted profession and increased use of technology in the industry, there has been no looking back.

Industrial Revolution Essay - 913 Words

The Industrial Revolution was a innovative period between mid 18th century through the 19th century, making people go from a predominantly agricultural existence into a more urban lifestyle. Starting after year 1750, all the factors that combined, made Great Britain the best place for industrialization. The primary assessment that made it possible was the invention of machines that could do work that was previously done by hand. This allowed production to shift from inside homes into factories. During the time of the industrial revolution new inventions were plentiful and helped to revolutionize the way in which people lived. These five innovations made Industrial Revolution possible, Steam Power, Capitalism, Representative Government,†¦show more content†¦And today we are designing robots and other objects to help us with everyday needs from technology the stem machine was made with. The capitalism system was one of the most productive systems in history and humankind, the average life expectancies have more than doubled when the capitalism system went into effect. Capitalism was a system at odds with its own self and means free market. The system was economics under which ownership of investment in the means of production and distribution depends chiefly upon corporations and independent individuals. Instead of humankind controlling the direction of its own progress, humanity is at the compassion of an economic system which it has itself created. Capitalism was adapted by More food, water, clothing and shelter being produced using few less labour than ever before. It would seem that the material problems of survival was starting to become solved. The great impact that the capitalism system left on us, is everything as we still to this day use the capitalism system. Representative Government is an electoral system, where people vote to elect running candidates to represent their very own interests. The member elected meets for debates, and makes new designed laws on all behalfs of the society instead of the people voting for their own made up laws. It has been adapted quickly by news programs and media, the media blows up news all over the internet and television nowadays.Show MoreRelatedEssay on Industrial Revolution1489 Words   |  6 Pagesenvironment. Industrial revolution was so fundamental that it’s often compared with the transition from farming to stock raising, which began several thousand years before the birth of Christ. Considering the uses of natural resources, can human history be dived up into three pieces of varying length; hundreds of thousands years before â€Å"the agricultural revolution†, thousands of years between this and the Industrial revolution and the two hundreds years after the beginning of Industrial revolution. BeforeRead MoreIndustrial Revolution Essay766 Words   |  4 PagesAmerican Industrial Revolution In the 19th century, America became an industrial country, the powered machinery shifted the industry into mass production. The development of steam engines improved the transportation system, further, increased the production of iron and steel. The textile industries have begun to develop, and produce various products. The industrialization leads to accessible banking, further, deliver telegraph communication to many businesses through locomotive trains. This essayRead More Industrial Revolution Essay1623 Words   |  7 Pageshuman culture since the advent of agriculture eight or ten thousand years ago, was the industrial revolution of eighteenth century Europe. The consequences of this revolution would change irrevocably human labor, consumption, family structure, social structure, and even the very soul and thoughts of the individual. 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