Love your enemy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Love your enemy - Essay ExampleI was on my way to school and came across a group of young men sited on a bench talking animatedly. As I was passing by, adept of them shouted offensively at me, making it seem like everyone of my kind was take time off of the ISIS militia group. The recent killings and beheadings in Syria and the Arab world were making it difficult for ethnical compatibility especially in the United States, which has suffered in the hands of terror groups. The society has off to condemning anyone looking like a Muslim making them feel unwelcome. Before passing by this group of guys, I had not realized that which was occurrence in the Middle East was having a ripple effect across the world. I ignored them and walked away without giving it a second thought. However, I remembered that a friend of mine had told me of a similar incident and this all started to add up. We were an enemy even if we were not related to ISISs actions in any way. We were tagged terrorists even if people had no evidence to their claims. Examining why most of the people were joining such radical groups, I realized it was partly because of what the society was doing to clean-handed people. The labeling theory was taking shape at the expense of the togetherness expected within the society.Despite the religious animosity across many parts of the world, it is quite truthful to make good use of the situation at hand, and this implies having to deal with clouded emotions with sobriety. It will not be easy, but it is worthwhile. If the society did this often, the religious wars and crimes in the similarity would be minimized. Like the Holy Book commands, it is critical to be a witness of fair dealings even when people hate you for it. Despite ones religion, it is easy to extend an olive branch to the other party and feel happy for doing such. I learned that my reactions after this incident would determine whether I could look at my enemies and consider them as my friends. The brewing hatred is

Questions (team decision) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Questions (team decision) - Assignment ExampleThe business operations should be aligned with the mayors goals in order stay in the business spell addressing the mayors concerns. For instance, the hotels should create policies that will ensure that the business operate in environmental friendly way. The policies should focus on the social responsibilities of the firm. This means that in order stay in the business, the hotel should ensure that it restores the inseparable environment that has been destroyed by the business operations. The hotel should also agree to pay fines that are equivalent the destructions they score on the natural surroundings.In this case, one would relinquish the decision to fulfill the responsibility and face certain loss by focusing on the benefits of the natural environment in the community. The case can be justified if the benefits of the natural environment outweigh the benefits of the hotels. For instance, it is worthy to eliminate the hotels as a long end point solution since this will allows the beach plant to grow. This will attract more tourists, which will benefit the whole community. The hotels only benefit the hotel owners.One would also justify ignoring the responsibility by focusing on the benefits of the hotel. For instance, eliminating the hotels would lead to the loss of employment in the community. In addition, share holders will incur huge

The Art Fund in International Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 1

The Art Fund in International Studies - Essay ExamplePrior studies in this field, have recorded the impacts of global transaction on the technology, international law, economics, history, philosophy, social work, geography, criminology, anthropology, gender studies, psychology and cultural studies. These studies recorded a number of issues that resulted from international intercourses. These include globalization, international security, state sovereignty, ecological sustainability, nationalism, global finance, economic development, nuclear proliferation, terrorism, human security, organized crime, human rights, and foreign intervention. Despite the many merits of international relations, there is apparently no documented study on the impact of international relations on agricultural education. This has created a gap in the previous studies. In attempts to cover the gap in prior studies, this cover proposes a research to investigate the impacts of international relations on agri cultural education. The prime aim of this study is to find out the effects of international relation on agricultural education. By the end of this study, the research worker would be able to establish the effects of international relations in respect to agricultural education. The researcher will find out the merits and demerits of international relations on agricultural education. Successful completion of this research work will come with a dole out of significance to a lot of people, especially the politicians, those affected by culture, as well as the educators. First, data, results and conclusions from this research shall serve as updated literature on the impacts of international relationships within the population size targeted for this research work.

Explain the Influence of Management Style on the Nature of the Employment Relationship Essay Example for Free

Explain the Influence of Management Style on the Nature of the Employment Relationship attemptIt of all time a large(p) deal for forethought to per ricochet effectively in an organization, it is because they are the ones that are always discover into by the people indoors the comp both. With the policies and guidelines that they give for the employees in show for them to achieve their goal effectively is the main reflection on the management style they implement and want to follow in the company. That is why in order for a company to succeed, management is always one of the main key, because it provides a better deal on addressing the main anesthetize of relationship as well as policies. What is important for the management is that, no matter what and how they provide their management style in an organization, it should have positive output signal for both its people and in addition the stakeholders. Or always find a way to strike the balance between the two, because if p eople in the organization entrust not be given the right attention, it leave behind be hard for company to survive, since these people are c anyed as the front liners and the reflection of these performance will surely be reflected on the service they provide for the customer.On the other hand for the stakeholders, they maybe people that do not want to know to a greater extent about how people or staff deals with their work, but more focus on the stability of the company, or simply bottom line. But, in order to achieve this t here should be draw that must stand in front which will lead all these into reality. They say that a good leader is a good coach as well as mod successiontor these people are some of the very few people that knows how to encourage and provide take to for people and convert them to be an asset in the company and instead of a threat.Because there are other managers who thinks of efficient and effective people as threat, threat because they female genital org an overthrown the manager, because some managers are not that highly motivated and do not want to challenge themselves, that is why more or less companies development or progress are hardly achieve by these power tripping managers who would not want to see potential leaders to be what they deserve they can be, and inte4ad they be given challenge, they are either being ignored or left behind.For most effective managers or leaders who rattling provide great influence in an organization, they see company as business, not finance. This is the problem with some appointed managers or managers that are just being assigned without really understanding the position well. Actually managers are not financial comptroller, where the latter works more on how to control expenses but look into prioritizing how to increase sales and revenues.Managers forget the fact that they must lead and not always focus on the financials, because if they focus on the financials they should not be manager anymo re, instead they should be working in the accounting or finance department. Another is that, managers are in the company to provide action and not just lesson. They must as well as provide residential district action, an action that would really help the company to go to its greatest potential and always dwell on how to prioritizing the important activities that needs to be done.For being an action man or woman in the company, it is as well as easy to find respect from the organization, since there is always hard work shown, and all of these provides great influence and eventually will result to success in the employment relationship within the organization. (Heller, R, 2007, pars. 4 and 9). Employee relations and theoretical interpretation In employment relation to employment relation, there are different types of theory that is applied in an organization. These are (1) Unitary Theory, (2) Pluralist Theory, System, (4) Marxist, (5) Feminist, (6) Comparative, and (7) Postmoderni sm.For unitary theory, it is the existence of a champion policy or authority that is being practice within the organization. This type of management theory is known in the very early years, where leaders form their own dominate in the basis of what they think is right and people are mostly not given the rights to contradict or over rule the policy or guideline that was implemented. Classical Pluralism, is however is considered as the form of management is greatly influence by an electorate political group or any group that holds power over the society.Their main power is strengthen by the ideology that come from the community or societal group and this form of management style is well supported since it is perceived as for the good of many and not just from the group. System theory focuses is focusing on the inter-disciplinary representation of field of battle science, which is complex nature of science, nature and science are the main basic on this theory. This also means that i n every decision there is always a scientific explanation which needs to be followed or adhered.For Marxist theory, its philosophy mainly focuses on the diverse theory that Karl Marx which is mainly in the visible light of communism, this theory mainly involves such diverse fields like, aesthetics, ethics, ontology, epistemology and the philosophy of science as well. This is made popularize in the early strict and communistic era in Russia. On the theory about Feminism, it also provides a wide variety of discipline which mainly focuses on the common ideology of womens percentage in politics, and these include anthropology, sociology, economics, women as well as gender studies.This form of management looks after on the main concern of the greater women in the community which can be effectively being applied in the form of management within the organization. Lastly, for the theory about Postmodernism, which only shows that most of the people here are great fun of opportunities, like on and off the job training, like in the case of a project that will be eventually be started since the government has allocated some ideas in the organization.These theories have provided different impact in the organization since every theory is applied appropriately in the companies. It also provides a clear guideline as to how people can be managed effectively. Like take for instance a company that lies on the service that they provide, for lawsuit a company of systems development, which has given the authority to let users to participate in forming and firming the management standards and practices that the company must used.For the last two theories for management practices, comparative and post-modernism, for the inaugural theory, Cooperative theory, this form of management, shows big importance to the greater majority of the people and these is brought out by the well collaborative effort shown from the employee and the management as well. This also shows that management must play big attention in their respective stores in a typical look and feel of the organization. (Hollinshead, Nicholls, and Tailby, 2003, pp. 9-41). The Importance of bodied talk terms in an OrganizationFor some companies accepting the presence of a Union is not that well accepted, because for some management it is just a source of employees of get-up-and-go other request that might even defeat the main vision or mission of the company. In fact the main objective of it is to provide a better deal of the needs of the staffs and not just raising some wants, which may lead to negative result. Companies or staffs must not always look into having an agreement that focuses not only for employee compensation or benefits but it should also focus on some other concerns like safety and help provision.This is because most industry, most especially manufacturing companies, automatically has a union and it provides a clear directive on what the policy that must be followed and this process must be strictly be send and follow up users. Collective bargaining has it own process which helps the management and the employees union to follow for better understanding of its agreement. In Ireland, this process is formed in a way that corresponds also to the company guidelines which is important to have it more appreciative and well respected by the stakeholder. (How Has Collective Bargaining Happen in Ireland, 2007).

Romeo and Juliet’s Love Essay Example for Free

Romeo and Juliets Love EssayRomeo and Juliets do is non true love. Although they have sworn their love and gotten get hitched with, they do not truly love each separate. They are withal young to know if they authentically love someone. Although Lady Capulet was already a mother at Juliets age, Juliet is not aging enough to know what love feels like. Capulet even says to Paris that Juliet is too young to get married. My child is yet a stranger in the world. She hath not seen the change over of fourteen years. Let two more summers wither in their pride ere we may think her ripe to be a bride.Capulet says here that not until she is sixteen will Juliet be ready to get married. But Juliet thinks she has fallen in love and married Romeo before she is even fourteen. Next, Romeo is also too young. Romeo is not really in love with Juliet, he is in love with being in love. Before the party in act 1 scene 5, Romeo seems to be in love with Rosaline. However he immediately forgets ab out Rosaline when he talks with Juliet. This shows that he is not old enough to love someone. He has not maturate enough, which is yet another reason why Romeo and Juliet are not truly in love.Juliet has not matured enough to get married because she has never been in any kind of a kinship. You cannot love someone if do not know what it feels like. So, if you married the first person you had a relationship with then you could not know if there was someone else who would love even more.Capulet wants Juliet to, somewhat, see who else is out there before marrying Paris. On the other hand, it seems as if Romeo has been in a relationship before. But the problem with Romeo is that he has been in too many relationships. Romeo is in love with being in love, and loves to feel like woe is me. When Romeo gets turned downhearted by Rosaline, he says that he could never love someone as much as he loved her. Thou canst not teach me to forget. Romeo is adage that he cannot forget his love for R osaline. This tells us that he did not truly love Rosaline, and that he probably does not truly love Juliet.Lastly, Romeo and Juliet do not truly love each other because they have not known each other long enough. They have only known each other for one day and they have already gotten married. That is not nearly enough time for someone to get to know and love another person. Just an min after the party they had sworn their love to each other. They are not in love, they simply like each other. They were not ready to get married at the time that they did and they still are not in love even after they got married. So, Romeo and Juliet are not really in love. They are too young and immature to be in love with each other. Also, they have not known each other long enough to be in love, they moved too quickly. In conclusion, Romeo and Juliets love is not true love.

Starbucks Coffee Company Essay Example for Free

Starbucks coffee Company EssayIts an American world(prenominal) coffee ships company and coffeehouse chain based in Seattle, Washington. Starbucks is the largest coffeehouse company in the world ahead of UK rival Costa Coffee, with 23,305 stores in 65 countries and territories, including 13,049 in the United States, 1,909 in China, 1,555 in Canada, 1,089 in Japan and 927 in the United Kingdom. Starbucks locations serve hot and cold beverages, whole-bean coffee. Most stores also sell pre-packaged nourishment items, hot and cold sandwiches, and items such as mugs and tumblers. Starbucks. Through the Starbucks Entertainment division and Hear Music brand, the company also markets books, music, and film. Many of the companys products argon seasonal or specific to the locality of the store. Starbucks-brand ice cream and coffee argon also offered at grocery stores. Starbucks had been profitable as a local company in Seattle. By the time it expanded into California in 1991 it had be come trendy. The first store outside the United States or Canada opened in Tokyo in 1996, and overseas stores now constitute almost nonpareil third of Starbucks stores. The company planned to open a net of 900 new stores outside of the United States in 2009, but has announced 300 store closures in the United States since 2008. How the judicature is organizedStarbucks Organizational ChartIdentify the activities of the functional areasFunctional areas Each face is radically different substances by the structures, rules, positions and recognized chains of dynamic structures in which the communications staff of the organization is divided into fixed and is expected quite to keep width according to requirement. The basic methods of the organization are the pack on the basis of the methodsaccording to geographical areas of the product humanity resources In piece Resources, theyre all around their partners. They have much than 500 partners working in groups such as Staffing, Lea rning and emergence, Total Pay (Comp and Benefits), Organizational Development and Human Services. Each of us is a strategic partner to the business concern no matter if were in a generalist or more specialist role. Together, we build programs that help our partners around the globe become their personal best. Finance In Finance, theyll have the opportunity to work with their retail operations, consumer products and international businesses. Their team up is a key part of continued growth and profitability. There are more than 500 professionals working in fields such as accounting, business unit finance, corporate development, finance services, internal audit, investor relations, tax and customs, treasury and risk management, and safety and security.Marketing Starbucks has a team of over 200 developing the dodge for all customer touch points in a Starbucks store and in the digital space. This includes campaigns for their products ( wish a favorite, the Pumpkin Spice Latte) or di gital marketing campaigns like social media, promotions, as well as programs like Starbucks Card, CRM, ecommerce and mobile (Digital Ventures). Whether its on a mobile device or in one of their stores, they touch to deliver genuine moments of connection with their customers while driving transactions. One innovative thing theyve done recently is partner with Square to transmit mobile payments in their retail stores. Costumer Service The Customer Service team receives and shares feedback that helps the company stand apart and grow. They listen to their customers and respond in kind. They analyze tuition and return insights so that they continue to create inspired moments around the world every day. Sales The Starbucks Sales team whole kit with retailers all over the world to launch their products in places like grocery stores, airlines and school campuses. They even serve Starbucks Coffee at The White House, Pentagon and on Air Force One. Production This group of people as a tea m for the products they produce. As each company has different departments and groups are divided by service.Describe the relations amongst themThe relations between these functional areas you can see as a kind of trailing system. Because every department is helping the other one work, TheHuman Recourses arranges everything inside the company and the opposite of that one is the department Marketing, they are looking for information outside the company. Eventually the marketing department can help the customer service to correct their service and the Human Recourses can help the Sales department and Production work better. Al last the Finance keeps everything around the company in oblige if its about the outcomes or revenue or the labor costs of the employers.P4 Explain how their style of organization makes it possible for them to fulfil their purposes. The Starbucks representation StatementToday, Starbucks Coffee Company has published two mission statements, one for the company and one that defines their commitment to the environmentTo inspire and nurture the human spirit one person, one cup, and one neighborhood at a time Starbucks CoffeeStarbucks is committed to a role of environmental leadership in all facets of our business. Starbucks Environmental Mission StatementHow the Organization Starbucks works Toward Its MissionStarbucks works on a certain way to make their purposes work. This way requires a tummy of planning and work. down the stairs I mentioned how the organization is working to fulfil their purposesOur Coffee High quality has always been the passion of Starbucks coffee, and hard work has been done to maintain and improve that. Our Partners Everyone who works for Starbucks are partners because they all share a passion to create a place where everyone is treated to a standard that includes respect and dignity. Our Customers Although Starbucks holds customer satisfaction done quality-made beverages as important, they also focus on the significance of human connection. Our Stores The Starbucks mission statement also focuses on making their stores a haven for people to go to whenever necessary. Our Neighborhood Starbucks considers theirstores as part of the community it is in, and are very passionate about doing their part and being responsible about it. Our Shareholders Starbucks believes that actions towards success rewards everyone involved in the company. Therefore, Starbucks is fully accountable to uphold its principles to the benefit of everyone connected with Starbucks. Onward The Starbucks Mission Statement page leaves this without an explanation but for good reason. The future may be unknown, but Starbucks regards it as important, and all decisions and actions have to contribute to making a better future for Starbucks and all its partners. Starbucks history has shown that having values, and practicing those values, will lead to success. ( All this information according to the Starbucks site itself)Des cribe how two businesses are organize. Identify the activities of the functional areas , and describe the relations between them. The next organization I chose is GreenpeaceAbout GreenpeaceGreenpeace is an case-by-case global campaigning organization that wants to change attitudes and behavior and they want to cheer and conserve the environment and to promote peace by (According to http//www.greenpeace.org/international/en/about/) Accelerating an energy revolution to refer the number one threat facing our planet climate change. Defending our oceans by challenging wasteful and destructive fishing, and creating a global network of marine reserves. Protecting the worlds ancient forests and the animals, plants and people that depend on them. Working for disarming and peace by tackling the causes of conflict and calling for the excretory product of all nuclear weapons. Creating a toxic free future with safer alternatives to hazardous chemicals in todays products and manufacturing. Ca mpaigning for sustainable agriculture by rejecting genetically engineered organisms, protecting biodiversity and advance socially responsible farming. Greenpeace is in 40 countries across Europe, the Americas, Asia, Africa and the Pacific. Greenpeace doesnt want donations from governments or corporations but they get their funds from contributions from individual supporters and foundation grants.How the organization is organizedIdentify the activities of the functional areas ( all this information according to the Greenpeace site itself) Human Recourses The mission of the Human Resources (HR) department is to support Greenpeaces strategic vision and goals by recruiting and retaining diverse, passionate and exceptional team members providing proactive services that foster a friendly and collaborative work experience administering policies and benefits that protect both staff and the organization and promoting a strategic and interactive staff development program to aid staff in rea ching their full potential.The Human Resources intern will economic aid the HR department in reaching its goals through a combination of administrative support, research and project work. Marketing The Direct Marketing team is an intact part of Greenpeaces Development Department, and is responsible for the management of fundraising for monthly and one-time donors at the $1-$499.99 level. The Direct Marketing team works with several out-of-house vendors to coordinate the mailing and telemarketing farming and solicitation of these donors. The team is also responsible for acquiring new donors, and for testing new methods of acquisition. Finance Finance, Greenpeaces finance program, instrumentally increases the financial and political work of Greenpeace by purloin new members on the street. Members of the finance department give monthly donations which support Greenpeace, online actions, phone banking, events and more. The Finance team provides administrative support to the Frontline program by tracking performance, liaising with other departments of Greenpeace, organizing, checking and submitting Finance payroll. The Finance intern will work closely with the Frontline Operations Team, the National Canvass Director, the Frontline Project Director, and the Frontline Training and Recruitment Coordinator and will cut across to a member of the Frontline Operations Team. Describe the relations between them.Because Greenpeace is a non-profit organization they dont really focus on having a lot customers and revenue. So they have a kind of basic system fortheir organization. The relations between the functional is thereby very close to each other. NamelyThe Human Resources takes care of the distribution into the company, That makes it possible that the people can do exactly there work whats needed by the company. For example the marketing employers are so divided that they can do their work what is asked from the company.P4 Explain how their style of organization make s it possible for them to fulfil their purposes. Greenpeace purposesGreenpeace has a couple purposes that they want to reach preventive climate change. Greenpeace, like most environmental organizations, places fighting global warming at the top of its list Protect oceans. Greenpeace is perhaps best known for its campaigns to protect whales and other large aquatic animals from hunters and trappers Save ancient forests. Logging and clear-cutting of ancient forests drive species of plants and animals toward extinction and threaten the lives of people whose survival depends on the forests resources Achieve disarmament and peace. The world maintains an armory of 30,000 nuclear weapons, and several countries actively pursue the technology to develop even more. Reduce toxic materials in products. Many electronics and other products take toxic chemicals and heavy metals that are difficult to dispose of and impossible to recycle. Encourage sustainable agriculture. Greenpeace believes geneti cally modified crops decrease biodiversity and pose a threat to the nutrition supply.This purposes can only be reached if the organization works together with each other, so Greenpeace has clearly purposes so its easy for them to work towards something. Because the Greenpeace doesnt accepts money from the government its important for them that they make the Marketing work good, because they have to inspire and motivate people to donate money and support the organization. Greenpeace is already doing a good job at that because theyve reached a lot of their purposes already. Next up is the Finance department They make sure that the company spends their money at the skillfulplace so that they can full their purposes. Its not only for their purposes but also for the employers who have to get paid eventually. Only on that way the can make the company work. Al last the most important part I think is the Human Resources the make sure that the Finance, Marketing, Production, Service depart ments are doing their job. And helps them further.

Cyber Warfare: the Future of War

Cyber Warf atomic chassis 18 the Future of WarCHAPTER IINTRODUCTIONKarl von Clausewitz defined war as an act of violence intended to compel our opp onent to pull through our go out In rig to attain this object fully, the enemy must be disarmed, and disarmament becomes therefore the immediate object of hostilities. At the end of the scrap gear millennium, this classification no longer describes the full spectrum of modern warf be. In the future, we will aim the prospective to make war without the use of violence and fulfill the second half of von Clausewitzs comment-with software alone. Todays software intensive systems make this probable. Cyber describes systems that use mechanical or electronic systems to swap human control. Cyber warfare can be penalize without violence and therefore the reliance on software intensive systems-cyber systems-can make farmings exposed to warfare without violence.What is Cyber? Terms with cyber used as prefix are soon in vogue non only amon g some visionaries and technologists seeking new inventions, but even by the man in the street, and each has its induce connotation. The call cyber is from Greek root kybernan, meaning to steer or govern and a cogitate war cry Kybernetes, meaning pilot, governor, and/ or helmsman. Norbert Weiner first introduced the prefix in the forties in his classic works creating the field of cybernetics (which is related to cybrenetique, an older French word meaning the art of government). Cyber, in fact has been the most acceptable confines due to the reason that it bridges the gap between breeding and governance, the two inseparable facets of control. The prefix therefore, is freely used in the followingCyberspace. Originally coined by William Gibson in his science fiction novel Neuromancer, produce in 1984, and defines it as that position within the estimator where electronic activity / communication takes place. He hike up describes it as a place of unthinkable complexity. The t erm has given rise to a vocabulary of cyberterms much(prenominal) as cybercafes (cafes that sell coffee and ready reckoner time), cybermalls (online shop services) and cyberjunkies (people addicted to being online).Cybernetics. It is the science of communication and control, which interfaces a monitor (human brain or an electronic machine) to different parts of a system. The lick being, to compare what is occurrent in the system, to what should consecrate happened and then draw the difference, which is passed on to the control system for rectification (feedback). It applies equally to organisations, machines and organisms. Cybernetics is in like manner used to describe a familiar analytical approach to control, communication and separate system technologies and attempts to link engineering disciplines with the related work of social scientists through the unifying threads of feedback in its most general aspects and through its interest in transfer of randomness. cyber-terr orism. A RAND Corporation synonym for nurture warfare, it is too sometime called netwar. Another school considers it as neckledge related troth at the host level. However, Denis Quigley comes close by designating it as control warfare or leitenkreig in German. Cyberwar will be discussed more in detail later in the Study.Cyber commonwealth. Loosely used, it implies digitisation of various systems of an arrangement/organisation or super systems, where electronics links humans to machines, thereby immensly amplifying the human capabilities. It, in its most basic form, would indicate electronic automated circumspection of entropy and knowledge.Cyber warfare (CW). It is a relatively new addition to the glossary of warfare. With the escalating use of computers in military and government, there has been a growing awareness of both a new susceptibility in national bag and a new regularity of fireing ones enemies. There is the blottoial of using knowledge systems to protect, cont rol or ardour teaching networks. CW could mean winning wars without firing shots, the shutting down of finished national infrastructures at the push of a button, and the complete exploitation or destruction of an enemys communication networks. It could mean threats from crosswise the world by call downs with no competency to launch a formulaic attack, or attacks by non-state actors using cheap laptops. There has also been talk of super-viruses shutting down nations, and how a disgruntled individual or small group could wage a war on a nation. CW is the new wonder weapon, and the new unknown threat. However, the concept of CW, and the technology on which it relies, is beset by vague depictions of the dangers it presents, or the benefits it offers.CW is conceptualised by security expert Amit Yoran, cyber-security chief at the US Department of Homeland certificate and vice chair of computer corporation Symantec, as the future primary theatre of operations. There is a consensus that CW is something noteworthy, but it is not clear if this consensus extends to a common understanding of what CW real is. It is so new that there is no standard definition to describe it. This leads to one of the most frequent confusions regarding cyber warfare its relation to entropy Warfare (IW). IW is not unproblematic in definition, but can be understood as the offensive and defensive use of information and information systems to deny, exploit, corrupt, or destroy, an adversarys information, information- base processes, information systems, and computer-based networks while protecting ones own. While IW covers the territory of cyber warfare, it also covers a much broader mandate. Electronic (cyber) communication is only one aspect of IW, which complicates all information operations in a conflict. Chinese strategist Sun Tzu and Napoleonic strategist Carl von Clausewitz referred to information operations, and the importance of such operations in war. IW predates electronic communication, and is not interchangeable with cyber warfare for this reason.CW involves units organized along nation-state boundaries, in offensive and defensive operations, using computers to attack other computers or networks through electronic means. Hackers and other individuals trained in software programming and exploiting the intricacies of computer networks are the primary executors of these attacks. These individuals often operate under the auspices and possibly the bridge over of nation-state actors. In the future, if not already common practice, individual cyber warfare units will execute attacks against targets in a cooperative and simultaneous manner.Analyzing the Threat. In 2007, a denial-of-service attack was launched every 53 minutes. The 2007 FBI/Computer Security Institute study indicated that loss of revenue attributed to DDoS (dedicated denial of service) was approximately US$90,000 an hour for a retail catalog sales comp some(prenominal). Malware is a common c yber-weapon. Malware (short for malicious software) is a computer program designed with malicious intent. This intent may be to cause annoying pop-up ads with the hope you will filter on one and generate revenue, or forms of spyware, Trojans and viruses that can be used to take over your computer, steal your identity, swipe sensitive financial information or track your activities. At least five new pieces of malware appear every two minutes, according to Kasperskys Internet Security Lab. One critical measure I monitor regularly is the number of significant events reported to Hackerwatch.Org. At the time Im writing this, in the past 24 hours, there have been more than 8 million significant incidents reported. The warning signs are there, but the question dust Are we smart enough to prepare?A key premise of this piece of music is that information processing-whether by equipment (computers) or by humans-is becoming a center of gravity in future warfare. Although there is much deb ate on the frankness of the CW threat, the growing number of computer intrusions on government and non-government systems substantiate the fact that the threat is very real. The growing dependency on information and information based technologies have made us very vulnerable to belligerent attacks Hence, our immediate goal must be to both imagine and define how foreign cyber attack capabilities might threaten information networks in India and what potential effects they might have.METHODOLOGYStatement of ProblemThis paper seeks to study and analyse the use of cyber warfare in future conflicts its implications on national security. To suggest Indias response to these cyber threats by outlining a clear, well defined cyber security strategy and suggest measures to safeguard own national security.HypothesisAs information systems permeate in military and civil lives, a new frontier is being crossed The Information Age- which will define the future wars. Cyber Warfare has become centr al to the way nations involvement wars and is the emerging theatre in which future conflicts are most likely to occur. Cyber warfare will take the form of a devastating weapon of the future battlefield which will be integrated in the War fighting Doctrines of nations across the world.Justification of StudyThe premise of cyber warfare is that nations and critical infrastructure are becoming increasingly dependent on computer networks for their operation. Also as armies rough the world are transforming from a platform centric to a network centric force there is increasing reliance on networking technology. With all the advantages of such connectivity come unprecedented challenges to network security. Threats to information infrastructure could be in the form of destruction, disclosure, fitting of data and/or denial of service. A hostile nation or group could exploit the vulnerabilities in poorly secured network to disrupt or shut down critical functions.The protection of our inform ation resources information assurance, will thus be one of the defining challenges of national and military security in the years to come. To take advantage of Information Technology revolution and its drill as a force multiplier, the Nation and army in particular needs to focus on Cyber Security to ensure protection / defence of its information and information system assets.Many will argue that defence and intelligence computer systems of most countries including Idia are air gapped and thus, isolated from the Internet. It may appear persuade that by air gapping the networks and using superior technology, the risk may be reduced. However, this will not provide fool proof security. With the proliferation of technology at an galactic rate, the threat of cyber terrorism will only increase. The air gapped networks are vulnerable from insiders, disgruntled employees and moles planted or recruited by cyber terrorists or their sympathisers to cause the intended damage. A cyber terrori st may impersonate a computer technician and call individuals within the targeted organisation to obtain information to penetrate a system. Once in be in possession ofion of logical log on information, cyber terrorists will have Iegal access to a system and can insert viruses, trojan horses, or worms to expand their control of the system or shut it down. In Russia, hackers used a gas company employee to plant a trojan horse which gave them control of the nations gas pipelines. It is against this backdrop that it becomes imperative as a soldier to understand cyberspace, the threat that it poses and to suggest some steps in order to minimise, if not eliminate the menace that it would cause.ScopeThis study concentrates on the evolution of cyber warfare and the giant leaps that it has taken in the past decade. The entire spectrum of cyber conflict, including threat reality of cyber warfare being used as a potent and devastating weapon of the future battlefield has been covered. Furthe r the study outlines the cyber warfare capabilities of select nations and how vulnerable India is to these threats. Finally the report outlines a cyber security strategy and recommendations for combating the cyber warfare threat in the twenty-first century.Methods of Data CollectionThe data has been collected through various journals, seminar papers and certain books on the subject. Some material has also been downloaded from the Internet. A bibliography of sources is appended at the end of the text.Organisation of the DissertationIt is proposed to study the subject under following chaptersChapter I Introduction and Methodology.Chapter II The Future of Warfare. Information change and Warfare. Defining Cyberwar. evolution of Cyber Warfare.Chapter III Global Threat in Cyberspace. Threats in Cyberspae. How Real Is the Threat? Spectrum of Cyber Conflict. Recognition of the Cyber Warfare Threat.Chapter IV Combating the Threat. How Vulnerable are We? Cyber Security A Few Initiatives. Def Cyber Warfare. Cyber security Strategy.Chapter V Conclusion. The Digital Battlefield. Recommendations.CHAPTER IITHE FUTURE OF WARFARESo it is said, if you know others and know yourself, you will not be imperiled in a hundred battles if you dont know others, but know yourself, you will win one and lose one if you dont know others and dont know yourself, you will be imperiled in every single battle. -Sun TzuWill conventional warfare remain the custom for the future or will a new wave of warfare emerge? Down through the corridors of time, wars have been fought for various reasons. Conflict arose from regional instabilities, economic and social perils, and religious animosities. In their book, War and Anti-War Survival At The Dawn of The 21st Century, Alvin and Heidi Toffler categorize the progression of warfare into three stages or waves agrarian, industrial, and informational. While some areas of the world good-tempered remain in the agrarian realm and some others have advanced t o the industrial state, a few have broken out into a completely new era-the information age.Information Revolution and WarfareIf you know the enemy and know yourself, you need not fear the result of a hundred battles .If you know yourself but not the enemy, for every victory gained you will also suffer a defeat. If you know neither the enemy nor yourself, you will succumb in every battle. This extract comes from the 6th century BC Sun Tzus The artistic creation of War and is still as compelling today as it was two and a half millennia ago. As a matter of fact, it is in all hazard safe to say that knowledge and information about ones adversary have a greater impact now than they have had at any other point in the history of warfare. At the same time, critical information is now often stored electronically in spaces reachable from the Internet, which means there is a prospective for it to leak out to ones adversary, or for the opponent corrupting it in order to affect ones decision making capabilities.There is no standardised definition of Information Warfare. However it has been defined as Actions taken to achieve information superiority by affecting adversely information, information based processes, information systems and computer based networks of the adversary, while protecting ones own information.An aim of warfare always has been to affect the enemys information systems. In the broadest sense, information systems encompass every means by which an adversary arrives at knowledge or beliefs. A narrower view maintains that information systems are the means by which an adversary exercises control over, and direction of fielded forces. Taken together, information systems are a comprehensive set of the knowledge, beliefs, and the decision making processes and systems of the adversary. The outcome sought by information attacks at every level is for the enemy to ask over sufficient messages that convince him to stop fighting.Information Warfare is a form of co nflict that attacks information system directly as a means to attack adversarys knowledge or beliefs. Information Warfare can be prosecuted as a component of a larger and more comprehensive set of hostile activities a net war or cyber war or it can be undertaken as the sole form of hostile activities. Most weapons, a word used to describe the lethal and nonlethal tools of warfare only have high utility against orthogonal adversaries. While most often employed against external adversaries, many of the weapons of information warfare are equally well suited for employment against internal constituencies. For example, a state or group cannot use guns or bombs against its own members however, the weapons of Information Warfare can be used, have been used, and very likely will be used against both external and internal adversaries.Information warfare as defined by Martin Libicki has seven componentsCommand and Control Warfare.Intelligence based warfare.Electronic Warfare.Psychological Op erations.Hacker Warfare.Economic Information Warfare.Cyber Warfare.This concept of seven components is universally recognised today, as it encompasses the entire spectrum that Information Warfare offers. Besides, it strongly argues that Information Warfare is not exclusively a military function and various actors viz. the media, private industry and civil society including civilian hackers play a key role in building a nations capacitance to wage Information Warfare. The role of private industry has gradually been acknowledged as cutting edge information technologies become increasingly pervasive in sensors and weapon systems. The information systems while making the military more efficient also render it vulnerable to attacks on the systems itself. Winn Schwartau, also known as the complaisant Architect of Information Warfare has defined Information Warfare in this very context Information Warfare is a conflict in which information and information systems act as both the weapons and the targets. As far as the Indian viewpoint on Information Warfare is concerned, history amply reveals that information was essentially viewed as a strategic resource. Kautilya, the great strategist of the Maurya period, strongly advocated the need of obtaining accurate information about the enemy forces and plans of action. In fact, he is considered to be instrumental in the victory of the Mauryans and placing Chandragupta Maurya on the Magadha throne. His astute thinking on warfare and statecraft is portrayed in the famous treatise Arthshastra. While postulating that war may not always be the right option, Kautilya espoused the importance of information and knowledge in winning wars.Information Superiority and Cyber Warfare. Information Technology is a range edged weapon. It provides vast opportunities but simultaneously introduces new vulnerabilities and threats, which may arise through computers, content and connectivity or, to put it differently, hardware, software, inform ation and networks. Information superiority over our adversaries including belligerent and terrorist outfits is very essential. Non Lethal information weapons can black out communication systems, destroy valuable data and cripple the nation. Therefore, we have to act faster than any adversary. This requires defensive as well as offensive cyber warfare capabilities. Cyber warfare can be a full fledged war and vital infrastructure shall get targeted. To handle cyber wars, highest national level decision making is required, in real time and with full fall back options. For this purpose, basic building blocks include excellent monitoring tools for network traffic, web sites and databases, intrusion detection, firewalls, encryption and decryption algorithms, public key infrastructure and remote access facilities. Offensive cyber warfare spans computer crimes and information terrorism. Everyone is under threat telephone, power supply, banks, transport, and the day to day needs. lt is imp ortant to create tools, awareness, and structures to assess threats to information resources, including military and economic espionage computer break-ins, denial-of-service, destruction and modification of data, distortion of information, forgery, control and disruption of information flow, electronic bombs, etc. ln essence, the thrust of the initiatives must lead to information assurance like life assurance.Defining CyberwarCyber Warfare. It is the sub-set of information warfare that involves actions taken within the cyber world. There are many cyber worlds, but the one most appropriate to cyber warfare is the Internet and related networks that persona media with the Internet. Cyber Warfare as related to defence forces refers to conducting of military operations according to information related doctrine. It means disrupting or destroying information databases and communication systems. It means onerous to know everything about the enemy while keeping the adversary from keen muc h about oneself. It means turning the equilibrium of information and knowledge in ones favour especially if the balance of forces is not. It means using information so that less capital and labour may have to be expended.Cyberwar refers to conducting, and preparing to conduct, military operations according to information-related ideology. It means disrupting if not destroying the information and communications systems, broadly defined to include even military culture, on which an adversary relies in order to know itself who it is, where it is, what it can do when, why it is combating, which threats to counter first, etc. It means trying to know all about an opponent while keeping it from knowing much about oneself. It means turning the balance of information and knowledge in ones favour. This form of warfare may involve diverse technologies-notably for C3I for intelligence collection, processing, and statistical distribution for tactical communications, positioning, and identificati on-friend-or-foe (IFF) and for smart weapons systems-to give but a few examples. It may also involve electronically blinding, jamming, deceiving, overloading, and intruding into an adversarys information and communications circuits. Yet cyber-terrorism is not simply a set of measures based on technology. And it should not be confused with past meanings of computerized, automated, robotic, or electronic warfare.Cyber warfare requires different principles of warfare which have been derived from thousands of years of experience as documented by Sun Tzu, Clausewitz, Jomini, Liddell-Hart, and others. Some of the energising warfare principles apply to cyber warfare while some principles of kinetic warfare have no meaning in cyber warfare. Some principles of kinetic warfare may actually be antagonistic to cyber warfare. The various characteristics and principles of cyber warfare are as underWaging cyber war is relatively cheap. Unlike traditional weapon technologies, acquiring informatio n weapons does not require vast financial resources or state sponsorship.Boundaries are blurred in cyberspace. Traditional distinctions public versus private interests, warlike versus criminal behavior, geographic boundaries, such as those between nations tend to get scattered in the chaotic and rapidly expanding world of cyberspace.Opportunities abound to manipulate perception in cyberspace. Political action groups and other nongovernment organisations can utilize the Internet to floor political support.Cyber war has no front line. Current trends suggest that the economy will increasingly rely on complex, interconnected network control systems for such necessities as anele and gas pipelines, electric grids, etc. and these will become vulnerable to cyber attacks.Cyber-warfare must have kinetic world effects. Cyber warfare is meaningless unless it affects person or something in the non cyber world.Anonymity. Cyber warfare can be waged anonymously. Anonymity is the nature of new t echnologies, especially telecommunications. An anonymous attack creates two problems. Not only has a states national security been breached, but there is no one to hold accountable for the attack.Offensive Nature. Information technology and computer systems are vulnerable by nature. Therefore, taking defensive measures against the information warfare threat will always be difficult and costly. Improving the defense of information systems also contributes to the security quandary since decreasing ones susceptibility to information warfare increases the attraction of using information warfare offensively.Cyberwar may have broad ramifications for military organization and doctrine. As noted, the literature on the information revolution calls for organizational innovations so that different parts of an institution function like interconnected networks rather than separate hierarchies. consequently cyberwar may imply some institutional redesign for a military in both intra- and inter-se rvice areas. Moving to networked structures may require some decentralisation of command and control, which may well be resisted in light of earlier views that the new technology would provide greater central control of military operations. besides decentralization is only part of the picture the new technology may also provide greater topsight-a central understanding of the big picture that enhances the management of complexity. Many treatments of organizational redesign laud decentralization yet decentralization alone is not the key issue. The pairing of decentralization with topsight brings the real gains.Cyberwar may also imply developing new doctrines about what kinds of forces are needed, where and how to deploy them, and what and how to strike on the enemys side. How and where to position what kinds of computers and related sensors, networks, databases, etc. may become as important as the question used to be for the deployment of bombers and their support functions. Cyberwa r may also have implications for the integration of the political and psychological with the military aspects of warfare.In sum, cyberwar may raise broad issues of military organization and doctrine, as well as strategy, tactics, and weapons design. It may be applicable in low- and high-intensity conflicts, in conventional and non-conventional environments, and for defensive or offensive purposes.As an innovation in warfare, I anticipate that cyberwar may be to the 21st century what blitzkrieg was to the twentieth century. At a minimum, it represents an extension of the traditional importance of obtaining information in war-of having superior C3I, and of trying to locate, read, surprise, and deceive the enemy before he does the same to you. That remains important no matter what overall strategy is pursued. In this sense, the concept means that information-related factors are more important than ever due to new technologiesEvolution of Cyber WarfareSince the early days of the Interne t, there were individuals trying to compromise computer systems security via the network. Initially their activities were limited to defacement of web pages and motivated mostly by mere thrill seeking. In the 1990s political activists realized the potential for publicity coming with the attacks, and defacements carrying a political message became more frequent (Hacktivism). The pallet of attack types also widened greatly, most notably some of them became aimed at bringing services or whole systems down, by generating excessive network traffic (denial of service, netmail bombardments).The first reported politically motivated cyber terrorist attack using a flood of emails was carried out by the Tamil Tigers against Sri Lankan embassies in 1998. It was successful, even as it did not bring targeted servers down, because more importantly it attracted worldwide media attention to the attackers cause. Activist groups involved in other struggles around the world soon followed with similar attempts.The diplomatic conflict between Pakistan and India over Kashmir has, since the late 1990s, been paralleled by a series of mutual cyber attacks. In the Middle East, every time political or military fight escalated between Israel and Palestinians, so did fights on the virtual battlefield. Both sides have used sophisticated techniques and well planned strategies for their cyber attacks. Pro-Palestinian attacks have been carried out by a number of terrorist groups (some of which even came up with the term cyber jihad), and pro-Jewish ones might have been coordinated by the state of Israel, though there is no clear evidence to support that. Studies have shown that Israel leads the list of countries in terms of numbers of conducted computer attacks per 10,000 Internet users.This brings us to the newest trend in cyber warfare cyber attacks carried out by hacker groups inspired, coordinated, funded and supplied with resources by nation states. They are usually large scale and prol onged operations targeting specific systems within enemy structures. Probably the first of this type of attacks took place during the NATO air strikes against targets in Former Republic of Yugoslavia during the Kosovo violence in 2000. Targeted were all 100 of NATO servers, each subject to excessive network traffic originating mostly from Serbia, as well as Russia and China its supporters in the conflict. The cyber attacks caused serious disruptions in NATOs communication and services, lasting several days, but did not directly affect the bombing campaign.These days cyber warfare still mostly consists of uncoordinated cyber terrorism acts performed by groups whose main aim is publicity and media coverage. Gradually though the nature of cyber warfare is going to change into activities coordinated and paying for by nation states and large international terrorist networks. We can expect attacks trying to exploit vulnerabilities in critical infrastructure like telecommunication systems , airports, power plants, oil and gas infrastructure, supply of water, and military systems. In the coming years we are likely to see a quick rise in the number of cyber battles and one can imagine that in the future wars are going to be fought without dropping bombs and firing missiles.CHAPTER IIIGLOBAL THREAT IN CYBERSPACEThreats in cyberspaceThere are four fundamental categories of threats to our information and information infrastructure, characterised by the degree of structure in their attack capability and the measure of assert or access that the threat enjoys. These categories areUnstructured External Threats. These are individual or small group of attackers who rely heavily on others tools and published vulnerabilities. They attack targets of opportunity and lack persistence against difficult targets.Structured External Threats. These are coordinated attackers i.e. hostile intelligence agencies or organised crime syndicates, which possess a deep technical knowledge of the target, strong motivation, and the capability to mount combination attacks using multiple complex tactics and techniques.Non Malicious Internal Threats. These are accidental breaches of security caused due to ignorance or malfunctioning of system.Malicious Internal Threats. Here the attackers are trusted members of the org or a less trusted support worker with some degree of access.The threats can also be classified under the following heads